Revealing Sweeney Todd: Exploring a 19th Century Penny Dreadful as a Literary Classic

In 2013 the mention of the character Sweeney Todd conjures up images of Johnny Depp dressed in dramatic makeup and singing in a high budget film production; however, today’s audiences may not be aware of the villain’s extensive history in English literature and the numerous transformations that took place before the creation of the musical monster. From its origin as a serialized Penny Dreadful to an elaborated text and eventual stage play, the infamous barber Sweeney Todd has become a well- known literary character. Sweeney Todd first appeared in the Penny Dreadful titled â€Å"A String of Pearls. A romance† published anonymously in 1846/1847. The first work was subject only to negative criticisms as a cheaply written tale for the lower classes of England. As the story has moved through time and Sweeney Todd has gained popularity, this original text deserves recognition beyond that of a simple immoral tale. The mysterious plot of the story guides readers through a suspenseful narrative laden with mystery and surprise. Much in the way that the pieces of the story are revealed, it is apparent that the 1847 â€Å"A String of Pearls. A Romance. † be exposed as a great work in English literature. I will examine the ways in which the story’s title misguides the reader in plot and twists the story’s overall context, ultimately robbing it of the credit it deserves. I will then look at the ways in which the story’s potential fame has been masked behind nineteenth century literary critique. Based on the title of the piece, the string of pearls would appear to be the key plot element of the story. The reader assumes that the plot will be driven forward by the stolen gems and that ultimately they will be the treasure that brings together the lost lovers at the end of the tale. Conversely the pearls end up leading the reader astray, becoming only important in subplots of the story (Mack 120). The introduction of the string of pearls is within the first chapter when Sweeney Todd burgles them from Mark Ingestrie before murdering him in his barber shop. The pearls are the treasure Mark Ingestrie had brought back for his betrothed, Johanna Oakley and while the tale is dedicated to the strand of pearls, they are only the motivation for plot movement in two of the thirty nine chapters, appearing only when the barber tries to sell them off for profit. The pearls misguide the reader in plot; however, it is the secondary title â€Å"A Romance† that misrepresents the gothic form of the story. Gothic literature originated in the mid eighteenth century and was targeted toward the same middle-class audience as novels (Davison 2). What separated the genre from the majority of works at this time was its focus on ghostly and mystical material and settings. Most critique of gothic works during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was centered on its immoral nature as it was claimed that the literature appealed to readers’ corrupt tastes (Davison 5). Certain elements of literature are prescribed solely to the gothic and can easily define a work as belonging to the genre. According to Davison there are three features that can always be found within a gothic; horror, romance and mystery (7). With this description in mind and the fact that â€Å"A String of Pearls. A Romance† was a penny dreadful whose roots were founded in the gothic genre (Anglo 1), it is easy to place the story within the realm of gothic literature. Looking specifically at the three elements outlined by Davison, it is questionable as to why â€Å"A String of Pearls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  was published as a romance. The romance in the story is typical of eighteenth century tales, where love is the cause of immense joy or upset to characters. Reactions of romantic characters of the period are expected to be over the top dramatically (Davison 58). The romantic characters in the story, Johanna Oakley and Mark Ingestrie fit this description accurately. Johanna’s love for Mark Ingestrie is unbearably strong and the reader is subject to her immense folly as she learns of his possible death. She cries â€Å"Oh, Heaven why have I lived so long as to have the capacity to listen to such fearful tidings? Lost- lost- all lost! God of Heaven! What a wilderness the world is now to me! † (Lloyd 28) after learning that her betrothed did not return from his trip at sea. Mark Ingestrie also shows brief moments of extreme emotion when he believes that Johanna has betrayed him for another man; he admits to himself that he is all alone as â€Å"she whom I loved is faithless† (Lloyd 61). While the two romantic characters in the story prove to be accurate portrayals of romance literature at the time, their melodramatic outbursts are rare within the story and do not pre-occupy the tale. Much more prominent in the story is the terror induced by the characters of Sweeney Todd and Mrs. Lovett. Sweeney Todd is described as maniacal in both appearance and action while the crime duo haunt the entire town, feeding their victims flesh to the population of London. The opening chapter of the story introduces the reader to Todd and from the beginning Todd gains his reputation as the story’s villain. Described as â€Å"ill- put-together†¦with an immense mouth and such huge hands and feet† (Lloyd 2), the barber is made to appear monstrous. His laugh is also described to the reader early on to be so terrifying that a customer comments â€Å"do you call that a laugh? I suppose you caught it of somebody of who died of it. If that’s your way of laughing, I beg you won’t do it anymore. † (Lloyd 4). It is not only his horrific appearance introduced in chapter one, but also Todd’s wicked personality. It can hardly be taken as a joking threat when the barber leans into his apprentice Tobias and warns â€Å"listen to me, and treasure up every word I say†¦ I’ll cut your throat from ear to ear, if you repeat one word of what passes in this shop† (Lloyd 3). From the beginning of the tale, readers are cautioned that this character possesses the traits that will turn this tale into a terror. Todd’s partner in crime is also subject to an introduction highlighting her villainous features. While Mrs. Lovett is described to be physically very appealing, her eyes and smile portray the evil within her. It was said that her â€Å"smile was cold and uncomfortable-that it was upon her lips, but had no place in her heart†¦and there was a lurking devil in her eye† (Lloyd 18). The description given of Mrs. Lovett, with the lurking devil in her eye became a favourite for gothic fiction writers, the language enabling it to evoke an eerie presence within the character (Mack 126). Mrs. Lovett’s outward appearance as a young beautiful woman hides behind this demonic smile and veils her customers from what is in her basement and in her pies. The horror spread by the baker and the barber is that of the urban unknown. The story utilizes feasible fears created in an urban center such as London and through Todd and Lovett plays them out to their full effect. The dreadful partners tap into anxieties that are deeply rooted in people’s minds in cities with large populations and high rates of crime. A serial killer paired with cannibalism is not far-fetched horror; it is a fear that lies as a realistic possibility within all of us (Hand 141). Hand points to the fact that while some villains such as Van Helsing, and Jekyll and Hyde have lost their scare factor; Sweeney Todd continues to fill the role in horror due to his believable terror (141). Due to the fact that Sweeney Todd and Mrs. Lovett possess such strong horror characteristics, it is impossible for the story to remain in the realm of romance. The two characters are the driving force that make this tale so enticing. It is these two characters alone that transform the romance into a terror (Mack 103). The attributes of horror are more prominent in the tale, as the love between Johanna Oakley and Mark Ingestrie become a subplot to the terrifying murder and cannibalism taking place. It is because of this that I believe the story is titled incorrectly. Just as the pearls are not of great significance to the plot, the romance also leads the reader astray from the true gothic element of the story. The class distinction and segregation of London in the eighteenth century shows itself prominently in the story. Mark Ingestrie destined to be a lawyer and respectable middle class man runs away in hope of finding treasure at sea. Changing his name to Lieutenant Thornhill, his journey proves a success until his return to London and loss of treasure. He then takes his place as a working class citizen, making pies for Mrs. Lovett under the name Jarvis Williams. The character’s multiple roles in the story at different class levels, is a similar structure taken by the story â€Å"A String of Pearls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  itself. The first time â€Å"A String of Pearls. A Romance. was published in 1846 it was in Edward Lloyd’s weekly magazine People’s Periodical and Family Library. The serialized story ran for eighteen weeks and had a total of thirty nine chapters (Weltman 1). Lloyd’s publication was considered to be a Penny Dreadful, aimed at middle class London readership (Anglo 46). Penny Dreadfuls were serialized literature that provided cheap and entertaining reading for th e English working class in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. They rose in popularity as the rates of urbanization and literacy increased in country. The demand created for affordable literature was met with a transition from chapbooks to Penny Dreadfuls (James and Smith xi). Penny Dreadfuls have their roots in gothic literature, as they tended to take commonly known tales from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and embellish them with details of crime and gore (Anglo 10-11). The first Penny Dreadful tales were aimed at an audience of all ages and sexes and were known commonly as â€Å"bloods†, however, by 1860, the serialized pieces were enjoyed predominantly by young boys (Anglo 12). Due to their cheap and quick production, Penny Dreadfuls were subject to much criticism (Dunae 134). In a severe critique made in by the evangelical society of London in the nineteenth century, Penny Dreadfuls were said to be â€Å"devoid of every element of sweetness and light and are filled instead with blood and revenge, of passion and cruelty, as improbable and almost impossible in plot as they are contemptible in literary execution† (Dunae 135). Criticisms such as this were common during the publication of Penny Dreadfuls as they threatened the didactic and moral literature children were preferred to have indulged in. The upper classes looked down on the works as immoral and sensationalized crime stories (Dunae 140). According to Dunae, much of the controversy surrounding Penny Dreadfuls was in reality caused by class issues in the time period, not by the content (147). Groups attacked the publications as they were a threat to the upper classes. Working men and children were thought to be empowered by reading of lower class heroes and crime (Dunae 147). Much as Sweeney Todd himself is judged by his appearance as a lower class criminal, the story he appears in, is heavily critiqued based on its low form as a Penny Dreadful. If the story were to have been published originally in a form other than a Penny Dreadful, I believe it would be considered a greater piece of literature. Lloyd’s publishing company, like many others at the time was made up of numerous authors who were said to pass stories around, so it is believed to be unclear as to who was the original author of the Sweeney Todd tale (Jackson). Dunae proposes that the quality of writing in â€Å"A String of Pearls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is of higher quality than most Penny Dreadfuls and believes he has traced the original author to be James Malcolm Rymer; a more well-known Penny Dreadful author with significant works such as â€Å"Varney the Vampire† (136). It is not only the writing that makes this story stand out from the rest. While most Penny Dreadfuls are predictable with diffuse and predictable plots (James and Smith xiii), â€Å"A String of Pearls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  takes numerous plot turns that are unexpected and shocking to the reader. More contemporary literary critics have discussed the story in a more positive light. Anglo makes the claim that â€Å"A String of Pearls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the best known Penny Dreadful (15) and that the character of Sweeney Todd is the most dreadful and famous villain from any of the tales published in the period (49). There has been one critique of the work that went as far to claim it has offered â€Å"some of the best horror writing ever written† (Jackson) and can easily be seen as the inspiration to later horror works such as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Dracula (Jackson). While â€Å"A String of Pearls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  may be gaining some recognition as an inspiration for other works, Mack points to elements of the story that stem from recognized classic literature that aid in pushing the work into a the category itself. Sweeney Todd, as villainous as he may be possesses an immense depth of intricate and confused humanity. His loneliness, regret and fear allow the reader to sympathize for the evil character in times of trouble (Mack 127). Mack claims that this is similar to villains created in Dickens works. The Sweeney Todd story is also inspired by other great works such as the Odyssey (Mack 116), as the story mimics the basic outline of a man returning from sea and falling prey to cannibalistic murder. The connections Mack is able to make to between the Penny Dreadful tale and classic literature allow the story to stand out in plot, influence and writing, all of which attribute it to be a greater work than originally labeled. The original story published by Lloyd in 1847 gained popularity quite quickly and before the final three installments had been printed, George Dibdin Pitt adapted it into a stage play and opened it March 1st 1847 at the Brittania theatre (Weltman 1). Since then, the story has been adapted numerous times for stage, film and literature (Weltman 20). In this way, it has made its way through different classes as it becomes exposed to more people through different mediums. â€Å"A String of Pearls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  has influenced a remarkable amount of literature since its creation (Mack 197). Sweeney Todd characters along with his cannibal pie making accomplice continue to appear in children’s literature to current day, including Terry Pratchett’s Where’s My Cow? Their popularity and horror has spread across the world in an array of works (Hand 141). The story’s survival is only more proof that it deserves the recognition of a great classic within English Literature. The story of â€Å"A String of Pearls. A Romance† brings to light the ways in which a publication’s format and title can affect its success as a piece of literary work. The story’s origin as a serialized Penny Dreadful published in 1846/ 1847 confined its critique to a cheap and immoral tale meant only for the enjoyment of lower class readers. The format along with its title as a romance ignored the tale’s true identity as a great work of gothic literature. Sweeney Todd and Mrs. Lovett’s characters embody horror by dominating the plot with a terror that can seem all too realistic for any reader. Their murderous and cannibalistic narrative overshadows the romance advertised to readers. It is their horrific and suspenseful narrative that has carried through the past two centuries popularizing Sweeney Todd in literary works to this day. The nineteenth century characters’ ability to inspire terror in modern audiences deems this story the right to be called a classic.

Scanning Ultrasonic Detection System Engineering Essay

This study represents the scanning supersonic sensing system, which includes supersonic detector SRF05, microcontroller PIC16F877, temperature compensator DS18B20, 16A-2 LCD show, standard servo motor and connection to Personal computer. The supersonic and temperature detectors contribute to bring forthing cherished distance values for micro chip. And the servo motor is used to revolve the supersonic detector on a regular basis. Finally, these values are all transmitted to the LCD to expose. The circuit design, simulation and practical consequences show this system is capable of the needed aims, which is possible to be attached onto a wheeled auto or a automaton to give navigational AIDSs. Contentss 3 1 Introduction and Research 4 1.1 Background of Ultrasonic Detection System 4 1.1.1 History of supersonic sensing 4 1.1.2 Review of background research 5 1.2 The Requirement for Ultrasonic sensing system 8 1.3 Error Analysis of Ultrasonic Detection and Scanning System 9 1.4 Previous Work 12 2 Function and Specification 13 3 Aims 18 3.1 Major Aims 18 3.2 Minor Aims 19 3.3 Minimum Aims 20 4 Main Components 20 4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 20 4.2 LCD Module 22 4.3 Rotation Motor 24 4.4 Temperature Sensor 26 4.5 Microcontroller 30 5 Circuit Introduction 33 5.1 Undertaking System Circuit 33 5.1 power supply 37 5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor Module 38 5.3 LCD faculty 41 5.4 temperature detector faculty 43 5.4 Connection to Computer 431 Introduction and Research1.1 Background of Ultrasonic Detection System1.1.1 History of supersonic sensingMan uses acoustic energy of lower frequences as a critical agency of communicating while mahimahis and chiropterans use acoustic energy of higher frequences, i.e. supersonic moving ridges, for acquiring their environmental information. [ 1 ] The being of ultrasound was foremost noticed by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1794. Since so, ultrasonics, the survey of sound propagated at frequences beyond the scope hearable to people ( i.e. above 20 kilohertz ) has been a new topic. [ 2 ] The existent discovery took topographic point after that Pierre and Jacques Currie discovered of the â€Å" Piezo-electric Consequence † in certain crystals in 1880. This led to the development of ultrasound transducer. [ 1 ] The possibility of the usage of an supersonic reverberation method for the sensing of submersed obstructions at sea, such as icebergs or wrecks, appears to hold been suggested by L.F. Richardson at the clip of the Titanic catastrophe in April 1912. After the 1914-1918 War the piezoelectric effect and its reverse consequence were foremost successfully applied in the sensing and coevals of ultrasound. The original application was to the sensing of enemy pigboats. And a feasible system was developed by P. Langevin. A beam of ultrasound is propagated vertically downwards in the sea, is reflected at the sea bed, or by some other object such as a pigboat above the sea bed, and returns to the generator/detector. By entering the going of the original pulsation and the reaching of the reverberation, the theodolite clip T for the return journey over a distance of 2d can be determined. Therefore, presuming the velocity degree Celsius of ultrasound in sea H2O is known, the deepness vitamin D can be calculated from. [ 3 ] In 1935, the rule of supersonic sensing was applied into wireless sensing and ranging, utilizing electromagnetic moving ridges alternatively, which called Radar besides. [ 2 ] However, the development of radio detection and ranging, during the Second War, resulted in many betterments in electronic engineering. These developments in bend wholly revolutionized the sensing system by presenting the possibility of utilizing arrays of transducers, enabling sector-scanning to be introduced, and by bettering ocular show systems. [ 3 ]1.1.2 Review of background researchA distance sensor, besides called as a scope happening setup is one installing that determines and detects the distance between the mark and the sensing device, for the intent of appraising, finding focal point in picture taking, or accurately taking a arm. Some devices are applied utilizing active methods to mensurate ( such as ultrasound, optical maser, or radio detection and ranging ) , while others obtain the mensural distance utilizing trigonometry ( stadia metric scope finders and parallax, or cut-image scope finders ) . These methodological analysiss use a set of known information, normally di stances or mark sizes, to do the measuring, and have been in regular usage since the 18th century. [ 1 ] Since distance measuring has played an of import function in no affair the day-to-day life or working sphere, assorted types of range finders have been created to run into a assortment of demands. These device types vary each other harmonizing to their public presentation in different fortunes, every bit good as the cost, where public presentation is determined by truth, easiness of usage, sensing scope, etc. [ 4 ] In recent yearss, three chief types of distance sensing faculty are 1s utilizing infrared, ultrasound and laser severally. Hereinto, scanning supersonic sensing system is the type utilizing supersonic detectors. Supersonic detectors are normally used for non-contact, propinquity or distance measuring applications. These devices typically transmit a short pulsation moving ridge to the mark, which reflects the sound back to the supersonic detectors. The system so mensurate the echo clip of the moving ridge returning to the detector and work out the distance to the mark with the velocity of sound. [ 5 ] The basic regulation for the usage of ultrasound as a measuring tool is the time-of-flight technique, of which this pulse-echo method is one illustration. As shown in figure 1.Figure 1. Basic Illustration Of Ultrasonic Detection — Transducer Generates Ultrasonic Waves And Then Listens To RepeatTherefore, the rule of supersonic sensing system is given as followers: If the speed of supersonic moving ridges extension has been known, mensurate the period between the clip of its launch and contemplation back from an obstruction, so that the practical distance between launch point and obstruction can be determined, which is similar to the rule of radio detection and ranging. Frequently, the equation is given as: . ( 1 ) Where, d represents the magnitude of distance, C equals to supersonic extension speed in the air and T is the time-lag which normally amounts to the entire clip from launch and response. [ 6 ]1.2 The Requirement for Ultrasonic sensing systemIn recent yearss, there are assorted types of distance measurement detectors, like infrared, supersonic and optical maser range finders. They differ each other in tonss of facets: truth, scope, size, weight etc. Infrared Supersonic Laser Accuracy Typically 0.1m Typically at centimeters Typically at millimeters Detection moving ridge Electromagnetic moving ridge ( unseeable radiation ) Sound wave Electromagnetic moving ridge ( several sorts ) Costing i6.83 ~ i17.89 [ 7 ] i9.99 ~ i70.79 [ 8 ] i870 ~ i3485 [ 9 ] Usual usage juncture Small refractile index ( go through other stuff ) , good for long distance sensing [ 10 ] Insensitive to dust, soil and fog, good for utilizing under serious environment state of affairs [ 11 ] High preciseness, good for high-accuracy demand state of affairs [ 12 ] Problems Low preciseness, worse way control [ 10 ] Preciseness influenced by temperature, humidness, force per unit area etc. [ 11 ] Not safe to human in some state of affairs, optical system must be clean to observe [ 12 ]Table.1: Comparison among Three Types of Detection Systems Using Infrared, Ultrasound and Laser RespectivelyHarmonizing to the tabular array above, the infrared detectors have cheaper monetary value and shorter response clip than supersonic detectors, but have hapless preciseness, way control and rely strongly on good coefficient of reflection belongingss. In footings of optical maser scope finder, it owns high preciseness but besides has high monetary value and hard operating, in common instances it is used in military kingdom. In the usual instances, the supersonic sensor is more equal for day-to-day utilizing or extended utilizing for industrial or societal occasions for its moderate monetary value, stable capableness and acceptable truth. The lone job for supersonic sensing system is its preciseness in some particular occasions like remote-controlled cars or endorsing for autos which require more cherished distance consequences.1.3 Error Analysis of Ultrasonic Detection and Scanning SystemFor the intent of the supersonic sensing and scanning system, supersonic is one of the active countries of research and development. Supersonic detectors are good known for their public presentations in debatable environment where other detectors are non capable to be used. The rule is based on time-of-flight ( TOF ) theory, as illustrated antecedently, the clip of flight is the period of clip that travelled to and bounced back from the mark object. Use the look ( 1 ) , the distance can be determined. However, the extension speed of supersonic moving ridge is affected by the temperature, force per unit area, humidness, air turbulency and gas composing. But the most of import factor that affects the sound velocity is the temperature. The approximative velocity of sound in dry ( 0 % humidness ) air, in metres per second ( ) , at temperatures near 0 A °C, can be calculated from: ( 2 ) Where I? is the temperature in grades Celsius ( A °C ) . [ 13 ] Give the undermentioned fluctuations in the velocity of sound utilizing the criterion ambiance. As shown in table 2 below.Temperature ( A °C )Sound velocity ( m/s )-20 318.89 -10 325.16 0 331.30 10 337.33 20 343.26 25 346.18 30 349.08Table.2: Relationship between Temperature and Sound SpeedSo for a sensing system that does non hold temperature detector, if the practical distance is 3m, the clip of flight distance is 6m. And presume ever to utilize the velocity value at temperature 20 A °C, which is 343.26 m/s. But in fact, when the temperature alterations, the practical velocity of sound value can besides be different. Assume the temperature changes into -10 degree Celsius, and so harmonizing to the table.2, practical velocity of sound is 325.16 metres per second, that is, the practical mensural clip of flight should be.But if the microcontroller still uses the sound velocity at 20 A °C, practical measured distance could be,This outputs mistake. That is to state, in this instance, under temperature -10 grade Celsius, one metre long distance may hold about 5.57 centimeters mistake, which is a comparatively large mistake in some alone juncture such as remote-controlled vehicle or the unsighted pilotage and will ensue in serious jobs. Because of that, a temperature compensation step should be taken to heighten the truth of this supersonic distance sensing system.1.4 Previous WorkThere are many supersonic distance metres in markets, having different features. Here gives several typical 1s:MerchandiseFeaturesSupersonic Distance Meter aˆ? Features a liquid crystal show with 12mm figures aˆ?Can cipher the surface and the contents. aˆ? Range of 61cm ( 2ft ) to 14.5m ( 48.3ft ) aˆ? Accuracy of A ±0.5 % aˆ? requires 2Ãâ€"3.0V CR2032 batteries aˆ? Dimensions ( wxH ) : 66x130mm [ 14 ] Silverline 255664 Digital Range Measure aˆ?Laser sight for accurate targeting aˆ?automatically performs computations of country and volume. aˆ?backlit digital show for easy reading aˆ?Metric and Imperial, with measurement verification and mistake bleeper aˆ?Range 0.6 – 15m ( 2†²-50 ‘ ) . aˆ?Accuracy 1 % . aˆ?Requires 1 x 9v battery. [ 14 ] Parallax – Sensor Sampler Kit aˆ?Motion Detection aˆ?Angle and G-force detectors aˆ?Distance/ Range sensor aˆ?Sensirion Temperature and Humidity Sensor aˆ?Compass pilotage [ 15 ] SensComp Series 6500 Sonar Ranging Module # 615078 aˆ?Accurate Sonar Ranging from 6 inches to 35 pess aˆ?Drives a 50 kilohertz Electrostatic Transducer Without an Extra Interface aˆ?Operates from a Single Power Supply Source aˆ?Accurate Clock Output Provided for External Use aˆ?Selective Echo Exclusion aˆ?Integrated Transducer Cable [ 16 ] Table.3: Comparison of several typical supersonic sensing system2 Function and SpecificationThe Scanning Ultrasonic Detection System is designed for automaton pilotage, remote-controlled vehicle, and obstacle-proof auto. The system contains microcontroller, supersonic detector, temperature detector, Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD ) , rotary motion motor and connection to Personal computer. Figure.2: conventional for scanning supersonic sensing system Here is a study map for this system shown in figure.2. Each portion will be specified as followers. Microcontroller: processing unit of the system Generate driven moving ridges to supersonic detector for supersonic sensing. Receive signals from temperature detector and supersonic detector, and procedure informations. Procedure signals to drive rotary motion motor. Output distance, temperature and angular informations to LCD. Datas transmitted with computing machine utilizing RS232 protocol. Liquid crystal display: liquid crystal show, this unit is used for: Display acquired signals Backlight support for utilizing in the dark Supersonic detector: this unit is used to observe the obstruction: Generate supersonic sensing moving ridges and so listen to the reverberation. Give signal back to microcontroller. Temperature detector: this unit is to observe temperature surrounding: Detect temperature and so roll up it to binary codification. Transmit informations back to microcontroller. Rotation motor: this unit contribute to revolving angle: Receive signal from microcontroller and so revolve a relevant angle Put supersonic detector on it to observe obstructions within a sector.Connection to computing machine and monitoring package:Transmit day of the month of distance, temperature and angle to computing machine utilizing HyperTerminal package. [ 17 ] Be possible to be applied into echography, to expose graph on the proctor ( by taking advantage of some specific package ) . [ 18 ] In the practical application of counsel for wheeled little auto or automaton, the whole system should be installed onto the bearer, frequently with a switch and battery to command and drive it. Put the supersonic detector onto the rotary motion motor, to do the supersonic detector detect object in a sector, here from 0 grade to 180 grade. Once bend on the system, the microcontroller starts to give directives to the rotary motion motor to do it revolve to the initial angle, 0 degree way. And so do the supersonic starts to run, bring forth supersonic moving ridges and so listen to the reverberation. Harmonizing to the signal moving ridges received from the supersonic detector, the microcontroller starts to cipher the distance value, taking proper velocity of sound value by utilizing the temperature compensation measuring. After the computation is done, the values are transmitted into LCD and show on it to state the obstruction distance at relevant angle and temperature. Each clip when the objects on the way at cherished angle have been detected or there are no objects, the microcontroller will give directives to do the rotary motion motor rotate into the following angle. For case, each clip the rotary motion motor is ordered to revolve 20 grade, ab initio, it starts from 0 grade, when the sensing on this way has been do ne, it rotate 20 grade, once more to make the sensing, and following, it rotate 20 grade into the way of 40 grade, to make the sensing, as the entire 9 times rotary motion is done, the rotary motion motor turns back into its initial angle 0 grade to re-start the sector scanning sensing. Here is a flow chart to demo the system work processs: The initial way Detection objects Calculation and temperature compensation Display informations on LCD Rotate angle ( illustration as 20 grade ) The followers are the same as earlier. Each clip the sensing is done, revolve another 20 grade. After entire nine times rotary motion, the rotary motion motor attached under supersonic detector returns back into the initial place. Harmonizing to the information detected, it is possible to be used for the wheeled auto or automaton to make up one's mind where to travel and how to avoid obstructions.3 Aims3.1 Major AimsDesign a system which detects the presence of objects utilizing a revolving supersonic scanner. The power of micro chip, LCD, rotary motion motor, supersonic detector and temperature detector is supplied by 5V beginning. The frequence to drive the supersonic detector should be 40 kilohertz. Once the power is on, the microcontroller will enable the supersonic detector to bring forth moving ridges. And the feedback signals will be transmitted back to the microcontroller for processing. Once the echo signal is processed, the temperature detector will offer temperature compensation for sound velocity. After power is on, the rotary motion motor is driven to initial angle place and starts to revolve from 0 grade to 180 grade, rotate one time by a certain angle when each clip the sensing is done. Each clip the sensing is done, the LCD will expose the information about it including distance, temperature and comparative angle, like â€Å" 86.5cm 23a„? 90A ° â€Å" . Once the sensing is done, the information will be transmitted to computing machine and show on the proctor utilizing hyperterminal package. All the detectors and devices are connected to the microcontroller utilizing wires.3.2 Minor AimsDesign the 5V beginning utilizing a electromotive force regulator attached on a 9V battery within a battery bearer. Attach the supersonic detector onto the rotary motion motor to do it possible to observing a sector. Develop a PCB for circuit of microcontroller, supersonic detector, temperature detector, servo motor, LCD and connection to computing machine. Design a wadding for seting PCB into it.3.3 Minimum AimsComplete the existent circuit on bread board. Accomplish scheduling codifications for the whole system. Imitate the map and run into the major aims utilizing relevant package.4 Main Components4.1 Ultrasonic SensorThere are some sorts of supersonic detectors. The chiefly used two theoretical accounts are SRF04 and SRF05 because their comparative lower monetary value and moderate public presentation. Here is a comparing between them. SRF04 Voltage: 5V merely needed Current: 30mA typical 50mA soap Frequency: 40 kilohertz Scope: from 3cm to 3m. Sensitivity: 3cm at 2m, 1.5 % Input trigger: 10 uS Min. TTL degree pulsation Echo pulsation: positive TTL degree signal, width proportional to run Small size: 43mm x 20mm ten 17mm tallness Monetary value: i14.50 ( Inc. VAT i17.40 ) SRF05 Voltage: 5V merely needed Low Current: 4mA Typical Frequency: 40 kilohertz Max Range: 4m Min Range: 1cm Mode1: Single pin for trigger/echo Mode2: 2 Pin SRF04 compatible Input Trigger: 10uS Min. TTL degree pulsation Echo Pulse: Positive TTL signal Size: 43 x 20 ten 17h ( millimeter ) Monetary value: i11.50 ( Inc. VAT i13.80 ) Table.4: comparing between two supersonic detectors Comparing the characteristics of two supersonic detectors, they are all capable to complete this undertaking. But eventually the determination is made to SRF05. And the grounds are listed as followers. Although they portion the equal electromotive force demand, SRF05 merely require much lower current. Therefore, utilizing SRF05 will necessitate smaller power to drive. It is more energy-saving. They both need 40 kilohertzs to drive, which meet the demand of this undertaking. But SRF05 has a scope from 1cm to 4m, which is larger than SRF04, whose scope is 3cm to 3m. For the demand of more accurate and larger-scale sensing, the SRF05 is better for this undertaking. SRF05 has two manners for taking, one is single-pin for both trigger and reverberation, the other one is compatible to SRF04, two-pin for trigger or reverberation. So SRF05 can salvage 1 pin if usage mode1, but besides be used as SRF04 if usage mode2. Harmonizing to the monetary value listed, SRF05 has a lower monetary value than SRF04.4.2 LCD ModuleIn this undertaking, the LCD is used for exposing information of obstructions and environment in environing country. Harmonizing to this, the demand of LCD faculty should be: The LCD faculty is capable to expose numerical values, English alphabets and some measurement units. The LCD screen is large or long plenty to demo full information. The LCD screen should be seen in dark topographic point so it may hold a backlight map. The LCD faculty does hold interface to microcontroller for their transmittal. The LCD faculty is easy to run. The LCD should hold a comparatively inexpensive monetary value. Harmonizing to the demands, here is the determination: VERBOUQUET -ALPHANUMERIC, 2X16, STN LCD MODULE, Here is the specification of this LCD faculty: LCD MODULE, ALPHANUMERIC, 2X16, STN No. of Digits / Alpha: 32 Character Count x Line: 16 tens 2 Character Size: 5.56mm Supply Voltage: 5V Display Mode: Brooding Display Area Width: 64.5mm Display Area Height: 16mm Operating Temperature Range: 0A °C to +50A °C External Depth: 10mm External Length / Height: 44mm External Width: 84mm Active Area Height: 16mm Active Area Width: 64.5mm Background Colour: Yellow Fictional character Height: 4.86mm Character Type: Dot Matrix + Cursor Character Width: 2.96mm Connector Type: B, 1 ten 14 Display Polarization: Brooding Display Technology: STN Font Colour: Green Interface Type: Analogue No. of Colours: 1 No. of Digits / Alpha: 16 No. of Lines: 2 Resolution: 5 x 7 Dots + Cursor Storage Temperature Max: +70A °C Storage Temperature Min: -20A °C Supply Voltage Max: 6V Supply Voltage VDC: 5V Monetary value: i7.06 Table.5: specification of selected LCD faculty4.3 Rotation MotorIn this undertaking, the rotary motion motor should run into there demands: The microcontroller straight controls the rotary motion motor to revolve and make up one's mind the angle value. The rotary motion motor has the shaft to be installed on with supersonic detector. The truth demand to be ensured. The monetary value is non high. Compared to these demands, here are two types of motors: hoofer motor and servo motor. Here is a comparing between these two types utilizing typical theoretical accounts: Stepper motorBipolar 48mm StepperMeasure Angle: 0.9A ° Measure Accuracy: 5 % Keeping Torsion: 4800g-cm / 66.66 oz-in Coil Resistance: 10hm Rated Current: 2.4A Motor Length: 48mm Mounting Plate Size: NEMA-17 Shaft Diameter: 5mm Weight: 362g Number of Leads: 4 Monetary value: i14.55 Servo motorParallax ( Futaba ) Standard ServoHolds any place between 0 and 180 grades 43.1 oz-in torsion at 6 V Accepts four mounting prison guards High preciseness cogwheel made of the POM ( polyacetal ) rosin makes the operation smooth doing no recoil Power Requirements: 4 to 6 VDC Communication: Pulse-width transition Dimensions: 2.2 x 0.8 ten 1.6 in ( 55.8x 19 ten 406 millimeter ) excepting servo horn Operating temp scope: +14 to +144 A °F ( -10 to +50 A °C ) Monetary value: i10.79 Table.6: comparing between typical hoofer motor and servo motor Harmonizing to the comparing, it can be concluded that the servo motor is more appropriate for this undertaking because these grounds: When servo motor receives a pulsation, it can end product a pulsation back to the microcontroller to give feedback, which is good to command the truth of the angle. Its truth can maintain up to 0.001mm, more precise than stepper motor. Servo motor can revolve an angle harmonizing to the pulsation transmitted from microcontroller within several msecs. But stepper motor can merely steps to the needed angle, frequently it will take 200~400 msecs. Servo motor has a lower monetary value than stepper motor. So, the determination is made to the servo motor, in this undertaking, utilize Parallax ( Futaba ) Standard Servo Motor for its standard public presentation and low monetary value.4.4 Temperature SensorThe temperature detector should hold some demands: High truth to do certain of the preciseness of this undertaking. Easy to run. Low monetary value. There are two chief ways to compose the temperature compensation system: parallel and digital. The table.7 below shows the two ways ‘ composing parts needed severally.MethodAmplifierTemperature detectorVariable resistancesADC ( linear digital convertor )Analoguea?sa?sa?sa?sDigitala?sTable.7. Comparison between Two Temperature Technique, a?s Means the Part Is NeededHere is a specific analysis for each type of temperature detector. And both the two types use typical devices to exemplify. Analogue type uses LM35DZ as illustration and digital type uses DS18B20 as illustration. As shown below.Analogue Temperature SensorTemperature detector Amplifier Microcontroller Liquid crystal displayFigure.3: Block Diagram of Analogue Temperature Sensing SystemAs shown in figure.3, the temperature detector LM35DZ can be used in broad temperature scope -40 to 100 grade Celsius. It has an end product electromotive force which is linearly relative to the Celsius and has precise built-in standardization so that there is no demand to put any external standardization to offer typical truths of A ±0.25a„? at room temperature and A ±0.75a„? over a full temperature scope. As the temperature increases each one grade Celsius, the electromotive force from LM35DZ will increase 10mV. The Op-Amp CA3140 has working temperature scope from -55 to 125 grade Celsius. The operational amplifier is used as non-inverting amplifier. As the temperature increases, the LM35DZ increases 10mV, CA3140 Op-Amp will increase the electromotive force to 5 times.Digital Temperature SensorTemperature detector Microcontroller Liquid crystal displayFigure.4: Block Diagram of Digital Temperature Sensing SystemAs it is shown in figure.4, temperature detector choose digital temperature detector DS18B20 which has feeling truth at A ±0.5a„? and besides a broad temperature feeling scope from -55a„? to 125a„? , supply electromotive force is at a scope 3V to 5.5V, besides the declaration spots is 12 spots. The nucleus map of DS18B20 is its direct to digital temperature detector. The declaration of the temperature detector is user-configurable to 9, 10, 11 or 12 spots, matching to increases of 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625a„? severally. Compared parallel feeling system with digital detection system, shown in table.8 as followers:Analogue detection systemDigital detection systemTemperature detectorLM35DZ DS18B20Temperature scope-40a„? ~ 100a„? -55a„? ~ 125a„?AccuracyA ±0.25a„? at room temperature A ±0.75a„? over all the scope A ±0.5a„?Need for ADCYes NoResolution spots10 12CostingSensor + Op-amp + variable resistors=i4.47 Merely sensor=i3.27Table.8: Comparison between Analogue and Digital Sensing SystemIn the table.8, the costing values are all based on the values and monetary values shown at Farnell website. Analogue detector LM35DZ, Op-Amp CA3140, variable resistances and digital detector DS18B20 are i1.29, i1.67, i1.51 and i3.27 severally. Conclude the information given by the table.8, a simple and natural decision can be given that digital detector DS18B20 is somewhat or unusually superior to the parallel one.4.5 MicrocontrollerThe microcontroller is the cardinal bosom of the whole undertaking system, but there are many types of microcontroller. And here are the two chief types which are used most widely: PIC micro chip and Maxim 8051 household. Here is the specific comparing between these two types, here use PIC 16f87 series as illustration: PIC micro chip ( 16f87 series ) Harvard architecture High public presentation RISC CPU All individual rhythm instructions except for plan Operating velocity: DC – 20 MHz clock input Up to 8K tens 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Pinout compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77 Interrupt capableness ( up to 14 beginnings ) Power-on Reset ( POR ) Power-up Timer ( PWRT ) and Oscillator Start-up Timer ( OST ) Watchdog Timer ( WDT ) with its ain on-chip RC Programmable codification protection Power salvaging sleep manner Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Debugging via two pins Processor read/write entree to plan memory Low-power ingestion: Monetary value: i5.38 Maxim 8051 household Harvard architecture Core Size: 8bit RAM Memory Size: 256Byte CPU Speed: 25MHz Oscillator Type: External Merely No. of Timers: 3 Supply Voltage Range: 4.5V to 5.5V Operating Temperature Scope: -40A °C to +85A °C Clock Frequency: 25MHz Interface Type: UART Memory Size: 256Byte Memory Type: Random-access memory No. of Spots: 8 RAM Size: 256Byte Supply Voltage Max: 5.5V Supply Voltage Min: 4.5V Termination Type: Through Hole Monetary value: i8.56 Table.9: comparing between two types of microcontroller By comparing the two typical devices of each type, both two types can do the undertaking successful, but the determination is made to PIC 16f87 household because these grounds listed below: The PIC 16f87 series are more popular than Maxim 8051 series in UK. The MPLAB package is compatible to PIC micro chips and utilize it can assist to imitate the assembly linguistic communication map and detect the registry and map codifications state of affairs. The PIC 16f87 series has lower monetary value than Maxim 8051 series. PIC 16f87 series includes 16F873, 16F874, 16F876, 16F877. Here is the pin diagram of them: Figure.5: PIC16F87 series Here is comparison among these 4 theoretical accounts in PIC 16f87 series:Key FeaturesPIC16F873PIC16F874PIC16F876PIC16F877Operating FrequencyDC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 MegahertzRESETS ( and Delays )POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST )FLASH Program Memory ( 14-bit words )4K 4K 8K 8KData Memory ( bytes )192 192 368 368EEPROM Data Memory128 128 256 256Interrupts13 14 13 14I/O PortsPorts A, B, C Ports A, B, C, D, E Ports A, B, C Ports A, B, C, D, ETimers3 3 3 3Capture/Compare/PWM Modules2 2 2 2Consecutive CommunicationssMSSP, USART MSSP, USART MSSP, USART MSSP, USARTParallel Communications–PSP–PSP10-bit Analogue-to-Digital Faculty5 input channels 8 input channels 5 input channels 8 input channelsDirection Set35 instructions 35 instructions 35 instructions 35 instructions Table.10: comparing among 16f87 series For this design, 33 I/O pins are required because of the other devices ‘ pin Numberss, sing the job of monetary value and size of bit, the concluding determination is made to PIC 16F877.5 Circuit Introduction5.1 Undertaking System CircuitBlock diagram Here is the block diagram for this undertaking. Figure.6: block diagram for the undertaking The undertaking system includes LCD, supersonic detector, temperature detector, servo motor, connection to computing machine and one microcontroller PIC 16F877. The LCD and connection to computing machine are end products for the system, the temperature detector and servo motor transmit informations and signal between microcontroller and themselves. The supersonic detector sender is for conveying supersonic moving ridges and the supersonic detector receiving system is for having echo moving ridges. Here use 9V battery and one regulator to give the undertaking power beginning 5V. Circuit diagram Figure.7: circuit diagram for the undertaking system Here is the circuit diagram designed by package Protues. PCB design Here is the PCB design designed by PCB Express. Show in Figure.8 and Figure.9. Figure.8: PCB design manner Figure.9: PCB design Real World Mode Real Picture Figure.10: existent image5.1 power supplyIn this undertaking, all the devices are based on 5V power supply. However, most common batteries do non back up this electromotive force value. So use 9V battery and electromotive force regulator to give a 5V electromotive force beginning. Besides, here can add a switch to command the whole system to turn on or turn off. Because it is needed to give a 5V beginning, so the electromotive force regulator determination is made to LM7805. Here is the diagram for the power supply. c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.11 schematic for power supply faculty5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor ModuleThe supersonic detector faculty has two manners to take. Mode 1: 2-pin Trigger/Echo Mode This manner uses separate trigger and reverberation pins, and is the simplest manner to utilize. All codification illustrations for the SRF04 will work for the SRF05 in this manner. To utilize this manner, merely go forth the manner pin unconnected – the SRF05 has an internal pull up resistance on this pin. Figure.12: connexions for 2-pin Trigger/Echo Mode In this manner, the timing diagram is: Small hold Figure.13: SRF05 clocking diagram for manner 1 Here, the SRF05 includes a little hold before the reverberation pulsation to give slower accountants such as the Basic Stamp and Picaxe clip to put to death their pulsation in bids. Mode 2: Single pin for both Trigger and Echo This manner uses a individual pin for both Trigger and Echo signals, and is designed to salvage valuable pins on embedded accountants. To utilize this manner, connect the manner pin to the 0v Ground pin. The echo signal will look on the same pin as the trigger signal. The SRF05 will non raise the echo line until 700uS after the terminal of the trigger signal. You have that long to turn the trigger pin around and do it an input and to hold your pulsation mensurating codification ready. The PULSIN bid found on many popular accountants does this automatically. Figure.14: connexion for individual pin trigger/echo manner In this manner, the timing diagram is: Figure.15: SRF05 clocking diagram for manner 2 In this undertaking, for there are 33 I/O pins for usage, there is no demand to utilize manner 2, so here use Mode 1 which is compatible to SRF04. So here is the conventional for supersonic detector. c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.16: conventional for supersonic detector faculty5.3 LCD facultyThe Alphanumeric point Matrix LCD is the end product device of the undertaking system, which is used for exposing the direction and information to user. Here is the mention image of the LCD faculty: And here is the LCD ‘s pin connexion:Pin figurePin symbolFunction1Volt Land2Vdd Power supply3Vo Contrast adjust4R/S Register Selection ( H: Data, L: Direction )5R/ Read/Write Selection ( H: Read, L: Write )6Tocopherol Enable Signal7~14DB0~DB7 Data coach lines15A Power supply for LED B.L. ( + )16K Power supply for LED B.L. ( – ) Table.11: LCD pin connexions Pin 3 is the contrast adjust for LCD, it should link 0-5V electromotive force depend on what brightness is required. Here use a potentiometer to set the electromotive force. Pin 4 is an input pin for LCD faculty ; it is used as to command informations conveying or direction transmission. When it is connected to high electromotive force, any input information is regarded as informations, and low degree electromotive force is matching direction. Pin 6 is an input pin for LCD faculty every bit good ; the LCD faculty ca n't place any informations of direction until Pulse the E line being high. Pin7- Pin14 are Data Bus lines, they can convey informations or instructions. In this undertaking, PORTB0~B7 are connected to informations coach lines DB0~DB7. And the three map control pins RS, R/ and E are connected to RA0~RA2. The A and K temporarily blank but can be connected in possible use when backlight is needed. Therefore, here is the conventional for LCD faculty: c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.17: conventional for LCD faculty5.4 temperature detector facultyIn this undertaking, the temperature detector is DS18B20. Figure.18: DS18B20 pin diagram Here is the pin diagram for this temperature detector, the pin 1 is connected to land, and pin 2 is the information line, pin 3 is connected to the power beginning.5.4 Connection to ComputerBlock diagram figure.11: block diagram for connection to computing machine

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Econ Assignment - Essay Example ficits, and heavy reliance on energy sources, creating peaks and troughs for oil and energy prices in wake of the Iraq war and the overall political uncertainty across the world. 2. Disinterest from huge financial investors in investing in an economy that relies heavily on external flow of funds. External investors poured in huge amounts of money in the US economy that were overwhelmingly received, causing increase in the value of homes and other commodities. In wake of an uprising from other factors such as political unrest in wake of Iraq war, economic uncertainty due to oil and energy prices, fall of dollar prices, and plummeted stock indices has caused serious concerns among investors, contributing to their reluctance to invest in any economy. Most investors are forced towards the way either to liquidate or holding out their investments, waiting for the conditions to improvise. 3. Tightened monetary policies of developed nations; it is inclusive of this fact that investors are finding themselves unhinged to invest anywhere. Although nations are now reviewing and easing off their monetary policies to provide high interest rates, however this has a very dawdling effect on motivating the investors to do so. 7. Governance and regulation of economic policies, forming the pinnacle in subdued economic growth of the world. Since the ‘Great Depression’, this crisis has not only exposed the ill-administration of economic policies of developed nations but has also spawned a series of new debates questioning the effects of these on under-developed and developed economies. These and a number of other reasons in turn have created new problems for dependent economies, in the form of less exports, disinvestment, increased commodity and raw material costs resulting in high production costs incurred, summing up to unemployment, involuntary layoffs, business shutdowns and lawsuits filed under bankruptcy. To deal with this crisis in an urgent and appropriate manner,

Project Management Essay Example for Free

Project Management Essay Let’s consider finding a new house as our personal project since we can’t sustain to live in our current residence. We will take the traditional technique of project management for this personal project. A traditional technique involves a series of steps or stages that has to be completed. For this technique, there are five different phases during the development or until the project is completed. The first phase of the traditional technique is the project initiation stage. During this stage, we have to map all our current scenarios or our current situation to our future situation. In this phase, we have to gather all the information about our current situation (i.e. rent, size of place, location, etc). We should also be able to quantify the scope of our project. We must know what our limitations are (i.e. budget, location, etc) and other relevant information. Then we have to gather information for our future home. We have to use the same set of questions (present and future situation) to set the same point of comparison when we compare, or in project methodology terms, when we match and map our current scenario to our future scenario. After matching and mapping, it is now time for us to plan for our future residence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second phase of the traditional technique is the project planning or the design stage. Now, in case the future residence needs a few repairs (i.e. adding another bedroom, installing a new telephone line, painting the fence white, buying more curtains for the several windows, etc) since it was picked because it has the most number of pros than the rest and is marginally better than the current, then this phase will make the future residence better suit our needs. After repairing, the future residence can now be tested if it is already safe to live at. It is now time for our next stage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The project execution or production stage is where we initially move in to our place to test how we feel about our new house. We must be able to deliver everything that was set as our scope or our task-to-accomplish even before the initiation stage. Now, to make this efficient and measurable or quantifiable, we have to list down a set of questionnaire or a set of steps to do and test our new house against it. This phase is called the project monitoring. In this phase, processes are performed to anticipate and correct the potential problems that may arise upon project completion before it happens. To make our personal project quantifiable, we must subject it to a series of questions where it can pass or fail. Questions should be targeted about the changes that we made during the design stage (i.e. if the future scenario served its purpose, etc). For this stage, if there are some questions that our future house was not able to resolve, these will be treated as issues which should be resolved before we will be able to move on to our completion stage. For our project to be quantifiable, profitable, or justifiable, the future scenarios should be subjected to questions that are based, but not limited, to the changes that the current scenarios were subjected to. And the future scenarios should be able to remedy most, if not all, of the remiss of the current scenario. In short, our future scenario should be able to pass all monitoring stage questions in order for our project to be a success. After all issues are closed, or all problems are resolved, we can now move on to our project completion stage. For the project completion stage, our project passed the monitoring stage and all issues are already resolved. Our future residence is finally ready to be moved in and called a home. Reference: LEWIS, James. 2002. Fundamentals of Project Management. New York: AMACOM

Tickets Movie Analysis Essay Example for Free

Tickets Movie Analysis Essay Starring: Blerta Cahani, Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, Silvana De Santis Sanije, Dedja Martin Compston, Gary Maitland, Carlo Delle Piane, Filippo Trojano, William Ruane Written by: Abbas Kiarostami, Ermanno Olmi, Paul Laverty Directed by:   Ken Loach, Ermanno Olmi, Abbas Kiarostami MPAA Rating: Unrated Language: English, Albanian, Italian, with English subtitles Running Time: 115 minutes Date: October 24, 2006 Introduction: The compilation films hardly ever work as a unified whole; the best to hope for is that one of the section will stand apart from others, as is the case with Life Lesson’s by Martin Scorsese from New York Stories and The Hand by Wong Kar-Wai from Eros. The new movie Tickets grips u well from the beginning till the very end mainly due to the fact that three different directors have worked together in flawless fashion combining one series into the next one. The whole movie takes place on a train. Ermanno Olmi (The tree of Wooden Clogs) an Italian director being with an upsetting story of an old Italian professor played by Carlo Delle Piane remembering a beautiful assistant played by Valeria Bruni Tedeschi who took care of him while being on a business trip. Sitting in first class dining car, he finally turns his sight towards more instant matters. The next story is told by Abbas Kiarostami who also directed the wind will carry us and Taste of Cherry. He tells a story of an ex soldier played by Filippo Trojano now fulfilling the whims of a bossy general’s widow played by Silvana De Santis. His displeasure mounts when he meets a couple of teenage girls from his hometown. Than it is the turn of Ken Loach who also directed Sweet Sixteen and My name is Joe. He tells the story of a trio of Glasgow Rangers football fanatics played by William Ruane, Gary Maitland and Martin Compston who are heading for a big game and on their way they meet a concerned Albanian family. Movie Review Tickets certainly has a number of examples in different cinema’s, movies which have brought together famous directors to make a single short story that is either is or isn’t linked to the central idea. The short movie format is infamous for its trickiness. A critical trend is associated with such films. One sequence tends to do better at the price of the other. The movie Tickets is in the same process with the story of Olmi being the worst where as Abbas’s story getting the most praise.   The strength of tickets is its remarkable stability of quality in all the three different parts and they in spite of the difference in the style and content show a unity of vision to the movie as the whole. The journey of the train proves to be a life affecting one for the characters. Their eyes are opened to the world surrounding them in way which proves to be a decisive action.   In the first story of Ermanno Olmi, a 60 year Pharmacologist recognized as The Professor cannot focus on the report he wants to write for a company he visited because of the intuition on him by a beautiful and kind P.R women who saw him off at the train station. As the train leaves the station, he recalls the moments between the two, gestures and looks whose implication could be taken more than a friendship. He starts to write a letter to the women to express his feelings in which he frequently stops to think. This story opens up in a seductively non linear fashion reflecting the memory of the professor of their meeting which than recalls a childhood memory in which a piano is played by a girl whose face he cannot see. The professors thought is occasionally interrupted by different stories which are taking place around him. Is the man actively conducted to music he is both listening and reading to a musician or just and excited music devotee? Why is the man sitting on the opposite side ripping stories out of the newspaper? Why are the soldiers and their commander on board? The commander sits opposite of the Professor whereas his men are standing in the corridor talking to a pretty young female of an Albanian family who cannot afford seats in the First class car. The attention of the professor diverts to the female. He shows an act of kindness which awakes him from his fantasy and from his memory and even from the ignorance of the world. He is not the only one to go such a change. The second story of Kiarostami reduces the tone with the introduction of some well portrayed character comedy as a woman makes her way through a train and grabs two seats one for herself and the other a young man whose name is Fillipo whom she continuously bullies like he is her son. She is woman with whom even a slightest disagreement would be a problem. One such unexpected result is the conflict over a mobile phone which surely prompts laughter. Fillipo meets a young girl from his home town which makes him to re think his own life decisions. This story is an examination of relationships and how status, duty and experience can shape personalities and lives. The true meaning of the woman’s journey whose exposure reveals the behavior of both her and Fillipo which leads to Fillipo’s decision which shows us the glimpse of weakness underneath her hard exterior. A few carts down are three young Scottish Celtic male supporters who are on their way to see a Champions League match. Many will quickly recognize that this is the story of Ken Loach and this story provides the significant jump in style as the language turns over to English. One of the issues here is communication but the ideas to the story are the themes of international solidarity and working class nobility very close to both Laverty and Loach. The lower class status of both the groups is decisive to the narrative. The three supermarket workers from Scotland whose employer has given a bag of sandwiches for their journey which their low income cannot afford and when one of the supporter lose their ticket, their problem increases. They cannot buy their way out with a credit car. They present the sandwiches as a gift when the trio starts a friendship with the Albanian family also mentioned in the first story. The friendship between the two groups soon is shattered when one of the Scot suspects the young son of the family to have stolen it. The recovery of the ticket is important as the owner may risk an arrest on his arrival in Rome. Their effort in recovering the stolen ticket and hearing the story of a family whose story of poverty surpasses theirs. They face them with an ethical problem motivated by the doubt that they may be being spun a well trained line. It is here that the significance of the title is most eagerly felt, where the ticket is more than just a means of traveling and becomes something that could actually change lives. The three different stories are associated by more than just the characters and the entire journey. They distribute thematic concerns of relationships, self awakening, social status and communication and explore these areas in different ways. The entire cast is brilliant throughout with actor Carlo Delle Piani playing the role of The Professor wonderfully assigning the thoughts of a man lost in the new and old memories. Gary Maitland, Martin Compston and William Ruane delightfully perform the role of the three Celtic Football Club supporters. The cast in Kiarostami piece is effectively striking with Filipo Trojano and Caroline Benvenga playing the girl whom he meets communication through their eyes. Through their eyes Filipo suggests a hidden sadness and gentleness where she suggests large and wide as an anime princess as they do with words. Conclusion If one compares the three different parts, the weakest tends to be of Olmi since it is far too inactive, inert and the object of liking of the main character is too weakly construed. The high point of the movie is Kiarostami story. A delightful and humorous observation of a lady who not willing to let go of a former soldier and self respect which is all of a sudden dissolved by the death of her husband who was an army general. She forces thing her own way and most of the time gets away from it. The story of Loach is typical of his style, an obvious heart for the working class and a bigger heart for the demoralized class. He ends the movie in a cheerful mood which is very good as Tickets is a magnificent celebration of the world’s three truest directors and putting their work in one movie is a joy to watch. Bibliography Tickets from Kamera. Retrieved on June 7th from http://www.kamera.co.uk/reviews_extra/tickets.php Tickets from Cine Boom. Retrieved on June 7th from http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ensl=itu=http://www.cineboom.it/anteprime.php%3FID%3D20%26c%3D3sa=Xoi=translateresnum=10ct=resultprev=/search%3Fq%3DTickets%2Bby%2Babbas%2Bkiarostami,%2Bken%2Bloach,%2Bermanno%2Bolmi)%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Rio De Janeiro Host The Summer 2016 Olympic Games Tourism Essay

Rio De Janeiro Host The Summer 2016 Olympic Games Tourism Essay Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil, the third largest urban area in South America and the main tourist destination in the Southern Hemisphere, being the first South American city to ever host the event is a great responsibility. The population of the city of Rio de Janeiro, which has an area of 1,182.3  square kilometers, is about 6,100,000. The population of the greater metropolitan area is estimated at 11 to 13.5  million. It was Brazils capital until 1960. In 2009, Rio was elected to host the summer 2016 Olympic Games, winning the election against Chicago, Madrid and Tokyo. The sports competitions will take place on Barra da Tijuca situated on the west side of the city, Copacabana on the south zone, and Maracanà £ and Deodoro on the north side. It may be considered a great accomplishment for the city, however some may disagree that Rio de Janeiro is not fit and does not have financial and secure conditions to be the main focus of the world in 2016. This essay might be of great interest to the people living in Rio and sports fan all around the world planning on watching the Olympic Games, as it describes mainly the citys geography to host the games. Also this topic might be of interest to people that question if Rio can successfully host such a big event without any casualties and will the city in general benefit from being the center of attention worldwide. The topic is also important for the city which has started planning and making budgets, looking forward for being a successful host, a great amount of money must be invested in long term repair in stadiums and general sports facilities as well as security. Brazilian people are also known for having a great passion for sports and there was a big celebration when Rio was announced to host the games as people want to show the world that Rio is capable of holding such an important event. Controversies regarding Rio being the host for the Olympic Games arise as the city is constantly rega rded as un-safe due to the high rates of criminalities and drug dealing taking place in the favelas or shanty towns. It is also worth writing about how Rio can benefit from all this development and planning as well as tourism generated from the Olympic Games as other controversies state that the money spent in investment for hosting should be instead invested in education and the economy of the city for further development. The topic will be more focused on how will the city invest on long term plans and solutions to problems, how will the event be evenly distributed through Rio and how will it be good for Rio in the future. Rio de Janeiro may be considered then most challenging city to judge and make a prediction if it has the capacity of hosting the biggest sports event in the world. Barcelona, Sydney, Vancouver, and London are considered to be more developed as they are located in More Economically Developed Countries and have more developed infrastructure as well as taking effic ient anti-terrorism methods. Although the city is considered a great tourism tropical destination, studies reveal that the city lacks infra-structure, educational means and is affected by great poverty with a large number of the population living in slums. Due to these facts, a part of the population demanded the money to be invested in those means helping the city develop, instead of building sports facilities. It is also estimated that by 2016, the whole nation is capable of eradicating extreme poverty, however for this to happen Brazil must maintain its developing process shown in the last five years. Counter claims may argue that the Olympic Games will bring an excessive amount of profit due to tourism and sponsoring as well as jobs being generated (the city also show significant amounts of unemployment). The government however states that all security and geographical issues were presented to the Olympic committee and was approved almost unanimously, being confident in the long term plans as seven years of preparation seem enough. Another research, states that Rio will manage to achieve a target made by the UN that states must decrease levels in poverty by 50%. There is a lot of statistical data that implies that Rio de Janeiro will manage to achieve sustainable levels of economy, and poverty by the end of 2016, however measures must be taken and the process of development shown in past years must be maintained. 50% of the events will take place on Barra da Tijuca, which is a developed area, with less poverty and almost no slums as well as a wide space and facilities built from the Pan-American games. The transport system is also well developed with a network of trains, buses and subways linked to other sides of Rio where other events are going to take place. Promises were made to the Olympic committee that the Guanabara Bay and Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon will be cleaned sp water sports can be held. A bullet train linking Rio de Janeiro and Sà £o Paulo was also presented to the commit tee which will play a big role in the transport system if introduced before the Olympic games. Recent researches and statistics show that there are more than one thousand favelas spread through out the city with the majority of them being located on the north side (Zona Norte). Also a statistical map indicates that 20 to 30% of the population living in Brazil, live in a slum. This can be significant data while analyzing the city for hosting the games as each slum is dominated by drug dealers and criminality and safety around them can become an issue for the development of Rio until 2016. For the development to be maintained, the city must invest in a crucial factor which is safety. Safety is considered weak in almost every event held although casualties regarding them are rare. For the games to be hosted in the north zone of the city for example, which is considered to be one of the highest rates of criminality in the world due to drug dealing and poverty, long term measures must be taken. An example of long term plan by the government which already started to be implemented i n 2009 is the UPP (Unidade de Policia Pacificadora) is a unit of the military and civil police designated to eradicate and exterminate drugs and arms. The UPP have been very successful just recently where a total of eight slums have already been pacified and are controlled by the government. The police which also have a history of corruption within the state, trading with dealers have been mobilized to end illegal dealings in the slums, with the intention of offering more safety by 2016. This method seems like the most appropriate measure in increasing the security issues of the city, and if it continues to develop and spread throughout the city a significant increase in safety will be applied to the event. The UPP would greatly help the city in the developing process for hosting the Olympic Games as studies made reveal that if every slum in the city is occupied by the government, an increase in 20% of the PIB (sum of financial production) which would represent 38 billions reais for the development of the city as well as an decrease of about 80% of criminality. This is the most efficient method of violence contingency shown and is the key for offering security during the Olympics, however it is a very hard task and taking into consideration past government activities, it will take probably more than seven years for it to be implemented with success. In almost one year that the UPPs were implemented a huge profit and efficiency was achieved with a significant decrease in violence in the surroundings, so in seven years of preparation for the Olympic Games, the governor of Rio Sergio Cabral guarantees that the project will continue. However the government must not forget a big threat to security of Olympic Games, which is international terrorism. Therefore a certain amount of training is necessary and constant monitoring. Looking at the recent past, Rio de Janeiro has hosted an important event similar to the Olympic Games which was the Rio 2007 Pan-American games, and no problems were faced. The money was well invested and the games were a success by generating jobs ad tourist attractions. However the Olympic Games are a much bigger event with a wider variety of activities therefore more space and planning must be taken into consideration. On the contrary of some people may think, the developing process to host the games can bring even more benefit and help the city show a significant growth internationally, as even more jobs can be generated as well as tourism. However, Rio currently really needs investment in security and education, so how can it benefit by hosting the games? Firstly, the Olympic Games further increase the worlds awareness of the city. In Beijing, China, for example the number of headquarters for multi-national companies and large-scale domestic enterprises has multiplied ever since Beijing started its Olympic preparations. The preparations for the Olympic Games can also help update the functions of the city such as environment, transportation and infrastructure. Taking Beijing as an example, the Olympic introductory work will also ease the citys economic growth. Beijings GDP rose to 102.6 billion dollars in 2006, twice as much as in 2001, as its GDP per capita exceeded 6300 dollars, also twice as much as in 2001. With this significant increase in the economy of the city, the number of tourists in Rio which is already very big may increase by more than 1.5 million. Another good past example, in the Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, the benefits have been projected to be $10 billion. Another fact which can cause a great impact against Rio for hosting the game is the fact that the city is one of the 12 chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and is considered to be not in the right path by the FIFA. Brazilian venues are falling behind schedules and little work has been carried out in the last 25 months after the announcement, constructions and general repairs are late. Inspections have been held and it is proven that Rio along with other cities has not met the deadlines of repairing stadium which are the main attraction of the World Cup. Upgrades in the main stadium are yet to start and are still lingering, which sounded an alert to the FIFA that Brazil is already late. Rio has managed to successfully host a World Cup in 1950 although conditions and requirements were less strict, and maybe with all these upgrades, constructions, jobs and increase in security for 2014, some of it may in fact be useful for the Olympics two years later. The city will gain infra-structure and general increase in security and sports facilities with the world cup in 2014. Generally, not only in the case of Rio, revenue is generated for national companies, the image of the city worldwide is improved and the flow of tourism is improved. But accelerated growth necessary in hosting the Olympic Games disrupts the long term town preparation of the city and cause long term negative effect. On the other side there are the costs for developing facilities necessary to host different sports, as well as the financing for the Olympic village were the athletes must stay, with a significant amount of money being invested in transportation and security. However if the money is invested in schools, hospitals or other public, employment could still be created, sometimes even more and are considered permanent institutions. After the Olympic Games, sports facilities will have obviously less value will be less used and not so significant in helping the city and economy to develop. The employment and part of the benefit brought by the Olympic Games may be considered rather temporary as well as few significant long term growths linked with the games. Although there is a temporary boost in the output of the economy, in the long term there is barely some change. Therefore these temporary and necessary changes to host the Olympic games, can be of great use long term for example security. As the city invest on security and decreasing levels of criminality for the games, it helps to exterminate an old problem of the city which is the criminality. There are counter claims for this argument as all these improvements for changes including the UPPs are temporary and monitoring may decrease shortly after the Olympic Games. In the end, the money spent by tourists during the games might not be sufficient to cover all costs even if they bring benefit to the city. Especially Rio needs to invest in public institutions and education, more than Vancouver and Sydney for example. Although there are major problems and uncertainties a list of benefits can be made such as: with world class facilities built future events may be held, new construction project generating jobs, spectators, sponsors and broadcasting make the city the center of attention worldwide, powerful marketing tool, increase reputation resulting in a long term benefit for economy, international recognition and etc. The country itself still needs to study how to do permanent public policies as no strategic planning happened in the Pan-American games. In the case of Rio, which still faces cases of prejudice and stereotype against low class civilians, jobs being generated can really fix an old problem in which people living in shanty towns face unsuitable living conditions, no access to sewage disposal and clean drinkable water with high levels of crimes, unemployment and low incomes. Just recently, a very serious case of flooding took place in Rio. A natural disaster is a rare however alarming event in which developed cities are supposed to be prepared for. Rio de Janeiro is expected to cope with any sort of situation; however in April 2010 the city faced the biggest flood in the history of Rio with an astonishing 288mm of precipitation in less than twenty four hours. A total of 95 people were confirmed dead mainly as a result of land slide and, of course, became news headline worldwide. It became clear that Rio did not support an appropriate infra-structure and was not prepared for such a disaster. The poverty surrounding the city was also highlighted as land slides in shanty towns killed and injured dozen of people, as well as interrupting several activities during two whole days. The government however states that it is impossible to maintain a controlled situation with such a huge amount of precipitation which was never seen before and especially when Rio is still going through a big process of development. International repercussion is common as it is clearly a matter of safety, and the spectators and athletes waiting so long and traveling so far for such an important event wants safety. Methods of future flood prevention are being studied, such as the creation of flood plains, winding streams and levees. Each method can contain drawbacks and a huge amount of effort however a good way to prevent future accidents. Rios Demographic transition model can be seen above with the central business district in the middle and a large area of Favelas in the surroundings. It is clearly not balanced and the games will be held around the CBD with a few exceptions through B. Below an urban morphology and characteristics map of Rio de Janeiro can be seen as the higher class districts and CBD is concentrated near the coastline with the suburbs in the rural area. As a conclusion, Rio de Janeiro has the conditions to host the summer Olympic Games with success, however it may not bring the expected amount of benefit. Seven years of planning and introducing extreme measures to overcome major problems in the city will not be a problem. Significant increase and development regarding security, and economical growth in Rio de Janeiro has been shown in recent studies. Just recently Rio has hosted a big sports event which was the Pan-American games with great success and no casualties bringing even some benefit. The population in general has been very excited with the decision of the city for the host as it is already a tourist destination and improvement for the games will help the city in the future. However Brazilians in general shows great passion towards sports mainly soccer and shows great enthusiasm and cooperation when the result for Rio being the host was announced, and as a result can forget about some major issues the city need to take care of as a part of its development before making such a big investment for an event such as the Olympic games. In order for a conclusion to be made the goals for the city must be analyzed first. So, is it good for the city to organize the Olympic games? For example Vancouver and London which are already considered developed and share a good outside image, having few ambitions and determination for growth may not achieve such a great improvement in their image and economy, and sports facilities and changes might be made redundant. However cities in development like Rio and Beijing may have the ambition of showing their development and improving their image and showing the world they are competitors to host other future events. Even internationally, it is questioned if Rio can host the Olympic Games, due to security reasons as one week after the announcement, fourteen people were killed and a chopper was shot down on a operation in a favela. However there is the argument that Brazil is not affected by terrorism, like London for example. For a successful prediction to be made if Rio can host the Olympic Games, the past major event hosted must be analyzed, which is the Pan-American games in 2007. The same argument that was used in the Pan-American games were used to convince the Olympic committee, that it was Brazils turn to show what is it capable of, one of the 10th largest economy in the world and a population that have and indefinite passion for sports. The aftermath of the Pan-American games did not quite show any transformation into a more modern, international and safer city. Promises were also made in 2007 that criminality would decrease, a new road system (via light) and 55km of subway lines would be introduced as well as cleaning up the Lagoon located in the centre of the city and finally the Guanabara Bay, whose smell assails visitors driving into town from the international airport. Although hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent, the unpleasant smell persists and the bay remains a foul-smelling spot on the landscape. Chico Alencar, a respected Congressman from Rio and also a researcher for the enormous overspending at the Pan-American games revealed that the games ended up costing much more than the original estimate (about 180 million US dollars) and none of it was used to built the promised infrastructure projects. After the Pan-American games, the city came back to its original mess although a four week celebration was given to the people and athletes, and the same problems faced back in 2007 might be the same in 2016 but the sports event is even bigger. Therefore there is a tendency that Rio will spend even more money on this bigger event, maybe halting the development of other areas in need. Brazil in general needs to learn from its past mistakes and areas of society must unite for no overspending. Finally, other questions rises when analyzing if Rio can host the Summer Olympic Games and can it benefit from it such a s: Can Rio learn from past mistakes (Pan-American games)? Can the city keep its promises for development? Will the infrastructure provided be sufficient for hosting such a big international event? Will current issues such as security be a problem and can the city overcome it? These questions are still left unanswered, but Rio has been given a chance to prove critics wrong after an almost unanimous decision against more developed cities. Read more: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1926094,00.html#ixzz0k9Ts0zcY http://geographylost.blogspot.com/2007/03/rio-de-janeiro-wish-i-had-found-this.html DTM maps http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Olympics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_janeiro#Geography http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favela http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Urban_population_living_in_slums.svg fatos e figures de favela http://www.sober.org.br/palestra/12/11O481.pdf à ndice de Pobreza pode ser erradicado do Brasil em 2016 http://www.ipea.gov.br/sites/000/2/comunicado_presidencia/100112Comunicado38.pdf prediction brazil 2016 vai acabar pobreza http://mercadoetico.terra.com.br/website/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/grafico1.gif meta onu http://mercadoetico.terra.com.br/website/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/grafico2.gif VEJA RIO magazine Operaà §Ãƒ £o Favela Livre http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/preparation/n214180326.shtml pequim http://minimaxblog.com/2010/03/costs-and-benefits-of-hosting-the-olympic-games/ costs benefits http://goodpoint.elc.polyu.edu.hk/print_list.php?mapid=2244 list of benefits http://www.rio2016.org.br/pt/Rio2016/ http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/mat/2010/04/06/rio-vive-pior-enchente-da-historia-916261532.asp flood http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup-2010/teams/brazil/7686639/World-Cup-2014-Fifa-sound-alarm-as-Brazilian-venues-fall-behind-schedule.html world cup